Developmental socialization This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus in on developing our social skills. The argument that because school teachers are almost exclusively female, schools are a place where male interests are not cultivated. Abuse of students by teachers is a rare occurrence, but when it does happen there are children who are at a greater risk of being victimized.10 In terms of victims of verbal abuse by teachers, these children are more likely to be boys and to display at risk characteristics early on (i.e., from kindergarten), such as antisocial behaviours, and have attention problems (particularly boys). Such factors include parental influence, lack of role models, and the lowered expectations of teachers. What are some conflicts that arise around the topic of school rules? The majority of these codes tend to focus on issues surrounding dress codes and behaviour toward other students, teachers, and staff, while some include zero tolerance policies. Other research findings reveal that this is more than a perception and that abject racism has been detected in schools use of disciplinary procedures (Ferguson, Tilleczek, Boydell, and Rummens 2005). (Ontario Ministry of Education 2009) were circulated to teachers in order to put creative strategies in place for improving boys literacy. What are the rationales given for dress codes and school uniforms? The Quebec researchers also found that the likelihood of a child experiencing verbal abuse from a teacher is also fairly consistent across grades, such that when students start a new year with a new teacher, they are likely to encounter the same kind of interactions. Jussim and Harber (2005) found that the expectations that teachers have about their students influenced how they behaved toward them. Relationships with teachers are also central in the process of socialization. In terms of outreach, students must participate weekly (Wednesdays between 9 a.m. and 12 p.m.) in a community volunteer activity for which they receive no payment. How will they learn to work in groups and socialize with other students in a learning environment and form co-operative relationships with their peers? This difference may be due to ethnic group membership, disability, physical attractiveness, or being a newcomer to the classroom (Asher et al. Moral socialization was the first work of every school. The expected behaviours at school are much different from within the family, and the structural features of day-to-day life at school are in stark contrast to what was experienced in the family home. As well, much flexibility exists in the structure and content of courses as they are shaped by student interest. Children who are accepted by their peers tend to have a more safe school environment, while those who have been rejected by their peers are at a greater risk of targeted harassment and bullying (Wentzel and Looney 2006). Being the member of a peer group that engages in deviant or rebellious behaviour, for example, may increase the bond of students within those groups but also serve to reinforce related attitudes and behaviours that result in poor school performance. Cohens examples of moral panics surrounded various youth cultures, particularly the Mods and Rockers of the early 1960s, and how the media portrayed them as a threat to established law and social order. While the characteristics of teachers in the process of socialization have been discussed above, another related feature that has been found to be associated with behavioural outcomes in children is school climate. Adapted from Dreeben, Robert, 1968, On What is Learned in School, Percheron Press, A Division of Eliot Werner Publications, Inc., Used with permission. Learning the expected appropriate behaviours and values of the schools system is a complex ongoing process of socialization. American research has found that the home schooled tend to succeed when they attend university (Ray 2004) and were more likely to have at least some college education compared to the general American population. 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. Favourable school climates are characterized by non-arbitrary rule enforcement, rewarding of appropriate behaviour, and positive interactions between students and teachers (Reinke and Herman 2002). They suggest, interestingly, that drinking and sexual behaviours of young people can be perceived as festive social interactions and [a source of] popularity among teens and emerging adults, as well as representing a problem behaviour (Sussman et al. Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. The outer ring consists of implicit moral instruction, where students are provided with moral exemplars in more sophisticated ways, such as through the curriculum of history and literature. The core also consists of embedded practices, which are manners of behaving that are not explicit rules but routine practices within schools that appear to be very natural and taken for granted. Effective school climates can positively influence students, despite their home conditions, race, gender, or social class (McEvoy and Welker 2000). This, in turn, influenced students motivation and performance. This is a basic but surprisingly complex and difficult process that benefits from experience, knowledge and effort. Less overt ways of instilling values through curricular practices are also found in citizenship education, which teaches students about being good citizens. Citizenship education is present in the primary and secondary curricula of all Canadian provinces and territories (Evans 2006). the expected responsibilities, rights, and behaviours of teachers, school staff, and parents (in addition to students) and are worded in a manner that emphasizes co-operation and tolerance rather than solely focusing on punishments for rule infractions; recourses for students who wish to appeal rules (Lewis 1999; Raby 2008; Schimmel 2003). Peer groups can also be thought of as a form of social capital (see Chapter 2). The school as a site of secondary socialization was presented, with the differences between the family (primary socialization) environment and the school environment being highlighted. WebHowever, there are some ways in which school can be considered primary socialization. Behavioural conformityrefers to the types of self-regulations of the body that a student must control in order to fit into the school environment. Socialized Delinquency. Brint (1998) identifies three major dimensions of socialization as it pertains to schooling, which are illustrated in Figure 6.1. Describe the processes by which socialization occurs in schools. Such school environments have been found to breed delinquent behaviour and academic failure. From an early age until adulthood, school is a place where children spend a large portion of their daysand, indeed, their lives. In a study of 226 Canadian adults who had been home schooled as children, Van Pelt, Allison, and Allison (2009) explored how these individuals compared to a more general population of adult Canadians. Often such students have difficult home lives and such supports may be lacking in the home environment. What happens if teachers behave in ways that violate norms of morality? WebSocialization is the process by which people learn the culture of their society (Chambliss and Eglitis 87). Indeed, this is a problem facing a great deal of Aboriginal youth in Canada. While the media may tend to overemphasize the home schooling practices of the religious right in Canada and the United States, many parents in Canada choose to home school not for religious reasons, but because they are dissatisfied with the curriculum and/or the social environment of schools. Single-sex schools have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. Greig (2003) argues that proponents of such arguments are engaged in a discussion that assumes that boys are in need of gender repair (Lingard and Douglas 1999). They also tended to be popular. 11. The students of the school are typically those who have had little success at other high schools and are considered at risk. The school has only three major rules: (1) attendance is mandatory, (2) outreach work is mandatory, and (3) mind-altering substances are prohibited. An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. These play a foundational role in socialization, particularly through schools.Modern video games are often a social environment whereby you may play with others and communicate. 1982). Characteristics of children that may be perceived to threaten classroom management may attract negative attention from teachers. Sokal (2010) found no evidence that computer-assisted literacy programs had any influence on Canadian males from low socioeconomic backgrounds who struggled with reading. The names given to peer groups usually correspond greatly to their style of dress (particularly in the case of girls) and tastes in leisure activities. The narrowing of standardized test scores between males and femalesand across countrieshowever, strongly points to the differences as being cultural constructions that are shifting as the result of changing norms of socialization (Penner 2008). Teachers, however, shape the socialization of students by other processes as well, which are discussed below. As well, children who cannot engage themselves with the material being taught in the classroom may turn to disruption of peers due to boredom and frustration. Apple (2000) argues that home schoolers not only remove children from school, but also have gone so far as to isolate themselves into separate factions. Racialized students and those who have had previous conduct problems within schools are much more likely to drop out of school. This may severely limit their future ability of getting admitted to post-secondary training that leads to higher paying jobs with high status (Krahn and Taylor 2001). As noted by Krahn and Taylor (2007), labour shortages in the area of skilled trades have also supported the arguments for streaming because such shortages point to a need for more vocational training opportunities in Canadian high schools, which of course are associated with the non-academic stream. Such findings have resulted in mixed reactions. It is implied, however, that more male role models in the classroom would improve boys improvementbut critics again argue that this view relies on a single vision of masculinity that is assumed to be the same among all male teachers (Greig 2003). As noted by the authors of these studies, such findings also suggest that zero tolerance policies that result in the suspension of problem students may be doing additional damage as they serve to severely weaken the bond that a child has with his or her school (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). Policy in which specific code infractions result in immediate punishment, usually in the form of suspension or expulsion, and sometimes involving the police. This process not only accustoms people to social groups but also What problems are being identified? Within the outer ring, teachers are also included as exemplars of moral behaviour (see Box 6.1). Until the 1990s, males had been outperforming females on standardized testing in most countries around the world. Not all school violence is overt. The first of these dimensions is behavioural conformity. No scientific evidence has been found that supports the idea that males perform better when taught by male teachers, either in Canada (Coulter and McNay 1993; Sokal et al. 6. Of course, popularity is a factor in social identity. This finding points to important differences in provincial educational policies and practices with regard to streaming. Peer victimization and rejection have been found to be associated with psychological distress that carries over into adulthood (Ambert 1994; Bagwell, Newcomb, and Bukowski 1998; Roff 1990; Roth, Coles, and Heimberg 2002). Obviously, students in schools are expected to follow the school codes or face some type of reprimand. But curriculum is just one aspect. Socialization that occurs within the family, where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. Raby and Domitrek (2007) state that this kind of rule creation and enforcement creates a negative environment where teachers are involved in petty policing and frustrates students who would prefer to challenge the rules in more constructive ways than by breaking them. Concept in social psychology in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially But why would home schooled children be better socialized, as many American proponents have indicated? She notes that style is perceived to be a voice of resistance among many girls, but also queries whether such an en masse expression of resistance through consumption of fashion and music can really be considered resistance if so many young people seem to be doing itat least to some extent. In conclusion, the agent of socialization refers to the various social institutions, groups, and individuals that shape an individual's social identity and behavior. The girls argued that they were honouring a school tradition by wearing duct tape clothing to the game and that their attire was modest. The number of children who are home schooled is on the rise in Canada. Young people tend to build their social identities around specific peer groups, particularly in adolescence. Look on the internet for official curriculum documents about moral education in Canada. Children who have negative relationships with teachers are also more likely to view school as an unpleasant place and be at a disadvantage in terms of learning. At-risk children who display early aggression and signs of early offending can have these risks reduced if the school environment is a supportive one. The physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. The latter is oriented for someone who wishes to achieve university or post-secondary prerequisites (see Box 6.2 for some comparisons of applied and academic trajectories in Canada). In contrast, Pre-calculus mathematics is described as designed for students who will be continuing studies at the post-secondary level in fields related to mathematics and science. Box 6.3 Zero Tolerance Policies in Canadian Schools. Figure 6.3 summarizes the major forces of socialization within schools that were discussed. Increasing the homogeneity of ability within a classroom also promotes better classroom management (Barakett and Cleghorn 2008). Because the school is such an important agent in the socialization of children, it can also have negative impacts on children who experience negative interactions with their teachers. Conflicts within relationships are dealt with in ways such that the relationship itself becomes the weapon. The child interacts with many features of his or her environment which all contribute to the childs social development. In order to address the boy problem, the Ontario Ministry of Education has created guides for improving boys literacy.8 Booklets called Me Read? As noted by Sweet et al. What were the characteristics of popular students? In 2001, the Ontario Ministry of Education instituted the Safe Schools Act, which was designed to address violence and behavioural problems in schools. Girls are bullied for being unattractive, not being dressed fashionably, and being physically overdeveloped (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). Elsewhere in Canada, zero tolerance policies are likely to be in place around specific actions. While the initial appeal of zero tolerance policies is that they theoretically apply the same punishment for rule infractions uniformly to everyone, the actual application of the policy does not appear to be so equitable. Academics as a group mostly consisted of brains who did well in their studies and extracurricular activities that were academically oriented. Failure to be accepted by peers can be devastating for children, especially when it is manifested in acts of peer victimization and peer rejection. Examples-socialization must occur for a high school freshman to adjust to their new situation. As discussed in Chapter 2, Millington, Vertinsky, Boyle, and Wilson (2008) studied physical education curriculum in a Vancouver high school. Students are active in decisions surrounding the administration of the school, content of learning, and social events. These labels are not easily shed and can have spillover effects into other areas of social interaction, such as peer relations and future teacher expectations (Jones 1972). The skills that allow an individual to function within society; in the school setting, it is achieved when students embrace and achieve socially sanctioned goals. Other perceived benefits of school uniforms, such as improved student achievement, improved self-esteem (particularly if less well-off students cannot afford the latest fashions), and the overall improvement of the learning environment (Pate 2006), have also been touted as rationales for implementation. There are various reasons that parents choose to home school their children. Especially in early grades, the relationship that a child has with his or her teacher has a very important impact on emotional, social, behavioural, and academic adjustment (Pianta 1999). Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. Infamous acts of school violence, such as the events at Columbine High School in 1999, led to increased concern about violence in schools, which resulted in the emergence of zero tolerance policies around school codes of conduct. In Chapter 2, Meads theory of development of the self was discussed. If your child is stressed by harmful actions of a school bully or experiences frequent conflicts, his socialization experience can deteriorate quickly. In a study of secondary students responses to dress codes, Raby (2010) found that many girls regarded specific aspects of dress codes overly restrictive (such as the prohibition of tank tops with spaghetti straps) but were often quick to condemn girls who wore revealing clothing as sluts. While wanting to challenge gender inequalities, they were also active participants in reproducing them. The reading scores of boys have been framed by many as a global moral panic (because of the attention the issue is receiving around the world) because there is a perception that outperformance by girls threatens the established gendered social order. What were the characteristics of unpopular students. The inner ring is characterized by explicit moral instruction. A major objective of socialization in the school setting is to make a child socially competent. The overall socialization of children, as theorized by Bronfenbrenner (see Chapter 2), is dispersed into various realms which focus on the different sites of social context that children experience in their lives. Schools become a significant social world for children to navigate. What are some examples of streaming? Since the 1990s, however, this has reversed, with girls getting the higher scores, particularly in reading. Children who withdraw from peer interactions also limit their ability to fit into their peer group (Coie and Kupersmidt 1983; Dodge 1983). It is not surprising that some teachers interactions with disruptive students can be hostile and critical. The findings suggest that at-risk children may be socialized into a cycle of negative interactions with teachers, which may not only contribute to their future delinquency but also reduce their academic performance. The peer group becomes more important in adolescence as a source of emotional security and identity. Schools can be protective factors in childrens socialization if the right conditions are met. And How! Students who have good relationships with their teacher are also likely to have better mental health, feel more connected to their school, and experience positive academic outcomes (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). The family still remains an important part of childrens socialization, even when they enter into school. Victim characteristics also differ by gender, as male victims are often not tough (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). According to Raby, adolescent girls resistance is hard to characterize because it expresses itself within local, micro-struggles working in an oppositional but sporadic, diffuse, and localized manner (p. 148). Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. As noted in an official Alberta Education document: Whether they are conscious of it or not, schools are involved in teaching cultural and societal mores and values and in shaping students ideas about what constitutes good behaviour (Alberta Education 2005:1). As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. A teacher, for example, is largely in charge of the student, but the relationship that a child has with a teacher is far less intimate than the relationship a child shares with his or her parents; A student must also adapt to spending a significant amount of time in large groups; A child must learn to be independent to achieve the academic goals of school; A child must also learn to form bonds and develop social bonds with other children in school; and. WebInterests. Canadian studies of the outcomes associated with home schooling are much less plentiful than in the United States, where the home schooling movement has been growing rapidly. Next: Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Relationships broken at end of school year. This act supplanted the Education Act (Section 23), which previously allowed only principals to suspend students and school boards to expel students. In fact, mile Durkheim (1973) proposed a protracted role for educators in socializing children into morality. Research in Quebec has similarly found that when parents were asked why they home schooled, very rarely did they give reasons associated with religious or political beliefs (Brabant, Bourdon, and Jutras 2003). Public schools tend to focus more on the testing side of the education because that is where they obtain their funding and a child might be offered a chance to be introduced to diversity, whereas private school has more time and the means to explore socialization in many other forms like field trips and such. School helps your child learn skills to relate to different personality types. More participatory models of school rule enforcement and creation do exist, however, such as in alternative schools (see Box 6.4). Canadian research has produced similar results to its American counterpart. Socialization in the Schooling Process, 7. Home schooled children typically follow the curriculum of their province of residence. The delinquent behaviours are thought to merge a complex interaction of individual personal characteristics with properties of their environment and situations. Other research has found that individuals belonging to the popular and jock crowds were more likely to engage in relational aggression (discussed below), while those in high-risk peer groups (the deviants) were more prone to greater physical and relational aggression in the future (Pokhrel et al. Resistance by youth to the socialization forces of the school and its inherent power relationships can be expressed in a variety of ways. Many codes of conduct in Canadian schools specify attire that is deemed unacceptable for wearing to school. Typically, socialization is thought of as something that happens to young people, but socialization occurs throughout ones lifetime. Socialization is a twofold process occurring at both the social and individual levels that accomplish two main goals. 7. Finally, the question of how home schooling affects the socialization of children was addressed. The social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order; the underachievement of boys is an example. These agents include the family, education, religion, peer groups, and the media, and they all play a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors. 2010). 2007). Such factors may include the ability of the student to control his or her own behaviour (Daniel and Bondy 2008). They found that the young adults who had been home schooled had higher academic attainment in young adulthood than the average population. Students may not touch other students. The school rules, which must be followed by students, exist at the core. Brint (1998) identifies three major zones of socialization within classrooms (see Figure 6.2). Being presented with that curriculum is one way that children are socialized into becoming desirable members of the public. As noted earlier in this chapter, students with social and emotional disabilities are more likely to be punished under school disciplinary codes of conduct. If she shows too much of her body, males will become distracted (which is her fault). WebSome kids need extra help learning and following social rules. The alternative peer groups found in most middle and secondary schools can also be thought of as a form of youth resistance. Describe how they all impact on student socialization. Recent immigrant youth may also be placed in lower tracks due to their English language skills, rather than their overall academic ability (Sweet et al. One suggestion for improving boys literacy is to incorporate more boy friendly books into the curriculum.9 Books that are about adventure and those that are non-fiction are thought to appeal to young males, while novels are more appealing to young females. These ideals are normatively approved and accepted models of what a student should be like to fit into schooling contexts, not only in North America but in virtually all places where formal schooling occurs. Child victims also report having recurring memories of the abuse (Sharp 1995) and being afraid to seek help (Slee 1994; Smith and Myron- Wilson 1998). She notes that personal style is very much at the heart of social identities and how a girl presents her body is akin to her social skin. While Pomerantz was collecting her data between 2002 and 2003, there were two particular uniforms for girls at East Side Highthe Britney look and the JLo look, named after pop music icons Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez, respectively. kris marszalek family,

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